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HYDRANAL®
Theory of Karl Fischer Titration
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Introduction
Sigma-Aldrich is a pioneer in the supply of safe, reliable and easy-to-use pyridine-free Karl Fischer reagents.
Water can affect product quality, texture, shelf life, chemical stability and reactivity. The Karl Fischer titration is a universally acknowledged method for measuring water content in all types of substances including chemicals, oils, pharmaceuticals and food. In 1979, researcher Dr. Eugen Scholz improved the Karl Fischer titration by replacing noxious pyridine with imidazole.
This innovation became the foundation of HYDRANAL®, the world’s leading pyridine-free reagents for Karl Fischer titration. Since Dr. Scholz’s pioneering research and with a spirit of ongoing product improvement, Sigma-Aldrich has launched a wide range of Karl Fischer reagents for both volumetric and coulometric titrations for nearly all types of samples.
Advantages of HYDRANAL® reagents:
- High-speed titrations
- Stable end points
- Accurate results
- No unpleasant odor
- Lower toxicity for increased safety and decreased environmental impact
- Long shelf life
- Wide applicability
| Table 1: HYDRANAL® Product Line at a Glance |
| HYDRANAL®-Composite |
The most frequently used pyridine-free Karl Fischer reagents for one-component volumetric titration |
| HYDRANAL®-Solvent / Titrant |
Volumetric titration with two-component reagents for higher accuracy and stability |
| HYDRANAL®-Coulomat |
Coulometric titration for samples with low water content |
| HYDRANAL®-K types |
Specially designed reagents for determining water in aldehydes and ketones |
| HYDRANAL®-E types |
Reduced toxicity over ethanol-containing reagents for both volumetric and coulometric titrations |
| HYDRANAL®-Water Standards |
Standards with certified water content for titer determination |
In the following chapters, you will find the basic principles and possibilities of Karl Fischer titration.
Additional technical information can be obtained by requesting our HYDRANAL®-Manual, Multimedia Guide CD, Literature or Applications. For personal assistance, please feel free to contact our Karl Fischer helplines.
Chapter 1 Basic principles of Karl Fischer titration
Chapter 2 Basic forms of Karl Fischer titration
Chapter 3 Variations of Karl Fischer titration
| Literature |
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Eugen Scholz „Karl-Fischer-Titration“ |
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Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo (1984), 140 pages |
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ISBN 3-540-12846-8 German Edition |
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ISBN 3-540-13734-3 English Edition |
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